In a similar vein, in CRS imaging, higher-fidelity images generally require more pixels and take longer to obtain, which reduces the imaging frame rate. Although CARS imaging and FT-CARS imaging offer broader Raman spectral bandwidths than SRS imaging, it comes at the expense of speed. Likewise, Fourier-transform coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (FT-CARS) imaging was reported over a broad Raman spectral bandwidth of 800 cm -1 with a short pixel dwell time of 42 µs 22. On the other hand, hyperspectral coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) imaging was shown over a much broader Raman spectral bandwidth of 3000 cm -1, but with a long pixel dwell time of 3.5 ms 19. SRS imaging was demonstrated at a high imaging frame rate of 2 kHz, but images were limited to only four vibrational frequencies 16. ![]() 1) between the detected Raman spectral bandwidth, the imaging frame rate, and the image fidelity.įor example, hyperspectral stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) spectra were obtained in as short as 5 µs 31, but only over a narrow Raman spectral bandwidth of 200 cm -1. A consequence for CRS imaging is a three-way trade-off (Fig. Photon generation via CRS processes is fixed by nature, and basic spectroscopy research tends to tweak photon statistics along different axes of a given problem space. Although CRS-based imaging methods provide stronger signals than their conventional spontaneous Raman counterparts, reported CRS methods are far from satisfactory for certain applications, especially for tracking the complicated dynamics of live cells and tissues. Extended to an imaging framework, Raman content can be used for molecular contrast across spatial dimensions, a potential boon to research in fields such as cell biology, where samples of interest are chemospatially diverse 7, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. ![]() Coherent Raman scattering (CRS) spectroscopy can provide label-free, chemically-specific molecular vibrational information of targets, making it valuable for chemical analysis and discrimination 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13.
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